Which structure is responsible for controlling equilibrium in the body?

The structure responsible for controlling equilibrium in the body is the cerebellum. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in balance and coordination by integrating sensory information from various parts of the body, particularly in relation to muscle movements and spatial awareness. It receives input from the vestibular system within the inner ear, which detects changes in head position and motion, allowing it to maintain posture and balance.

Additionally, the cerebellum processes proprioceptive information, which helps the body understand its position in space, thus contributing to overall equilibrium. This function is essential for activities such as walking, running, and maintaining stability while standing.

The other structures listed, while important for various bodily functions, do not specifically control equilibrium in the same way. The thalamus primarily acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions and homeostasis, and the medulla oblongata is involved in autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate. Each of these plays vital roles but not specifically in the maintenance of balance and equilibrium.